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Compare Hong Kong (2002) - Mongolia (2001)

Compare Hong Kong (2002) z Mongolia (2001)

 Hong Kong (2002)Mongolia (2001)
 Hong KongMongolia
Administrative divisions none (special administrative region of China) 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

note:
there may be a new province named Gobi-Sumber; further, there may now be 21 provinces and 1 capital city instead of 18 provinces and 3 municipalities
Age structure 0-14 years: 17.5% (male 679,311; female 599,811)


15-64 years: 71.6% (male 2,587,509; female 2,641,418)


65 years and over: 10.9% (male 364,864; female 430,421) (2002 est.)
0-14 years:
32.99% (male 445,252; female 430,758)

15-64 years:
63.13% (male 837,771; female 838,384)

65 years and over:
3.88% (male 44,436; female 58,398) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products fresh vegetables; poultry, fish, pork wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
Airports 3 (2001) 34 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 3


over 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
total:
8

2,438 to 3,047 m:
7

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total:
26

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
5

1,524 to 2,437 m:
10

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
5 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1,092 sq km


land: 1,042 sq km


water: 50 sq km
total:
1.565 million sq km

land:
1.565 million sq km

water:
0 sq km
Area - comparative six times the size of Washington, DC slightly smaller than Alaska
Background Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China the following year; various adjacent lands were added later in the 19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. In this agreement, China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the next 50 years. Long a province of China, Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power. In 1996, the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) defeated the MPRP in a national election. Over the next four years the Coalition implemented a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and institutionalize democratic reforms. However, the former communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional reforms and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won 72 of the 76 seats in Parliament and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare and public order priorities.
Birth rate 10.92 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 21.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $22.9 billion


expenditures: $24.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $465 million (FY00/01)
revenues:
$262 million

expenditures:
$328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Capital - Ulaanbaatar
Climate tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Coastline 733 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution" 12 February 1992
Country name conventional long form: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region


conventional short form: Hong Kong


local long form: Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu


local short form: Xianggang


abbreviation: HK
conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Mongolia

local long form:
none

local short form:
Mongol Uls

former:
Outer Mongolia
Currency Hong Kong dollar (HKD) togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Death rate 6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $58.8 billion (2001 est.) $760 million (2000 est.)
Dependency status special administrative region of China -
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Consul General Michael KLOSSON


consulate(s) general: 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong


mailing address: PSC 464, Box 30, FPO AP 96522-0002


telephone: [852] 2523-9011


FAX: [852] 2845-1598
chief of mission:
Ambassador John DINGER

embassy:
inner north side of the Big Ring, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar

mailing address:
United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002

telephone:
[976] (11) 329095

FAX:
[976] (11) 320776
Diplomatic representation in the US none (special administrative region of China) chief of mission:
Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR

chancery:
2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:
[1] (202) 333-7117

FAX:
[1] (202) 298-9227

consulate(s) general:
New York
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient - $200 million (1998 est.)
Economy - overview Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy highly dependent on international trade. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be imported. Indeed, imports and exports, including reexports, each exceed GDP in dollar value. Even before Hong Kong reverted to Chinese administration on 1 July 1997 it had extensive trade and investment ties with China. Per capita GDP compares with the level in the four big economies of Western Europe. GDP growth averaged a strong 5% in 1989-97. The widespread Asian economic difficulties in 1998 hit this trade-dependent economy quite hard, with GDP down 5%. The economy, with growth of 10% in 2000, recovered rapidly from the Asian financial crisis. The recent global downturn has badly hurt Hong Kong's exports and GDP growth is estimated to be 0% in 2001. Private sector analysts project 2002 GDP growth to be 1.8%. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, which was prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt.
Electricity - consumption 35.402 billion kWh (2000) 2.767 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 1.181 billion kWh (2000) 80 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 9.195 billion kWh (2000) 363 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 29.449 billion kWh (2000) 2.671 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: Tai Mo Shan 958 m
lowest point:
Hoh Nuur 518 m

highest point:
Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
Environment - current issues air and water pollution from rapid urbanization limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment
Environment - international agreements party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship Pollution (associate member) party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Chinese 95%, other 5% Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998)
Exchange rates Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.798 (January 2002), 7.7994 (2001), 7.7918 (2000), 7.7589 (1999), 7.7462 (1998), 7.7425 (1997); note - the Hong Kong dollar is linked to the US dollar at a rate of about 7.8 Hong Kong dollars per US dollar togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997), 548.40 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)


head of government: Chief Executive TUNG Chee-hwa (since 1 July 1997)


cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex-officio members and 10 appointed members; ex-officio members are: Chief Secretary Donald TSANG Yam-kuen (since 1 May 2001), Financial Secretary Antony LEUNG (since 1 May 2001), and Secretary of Justice Elsie LEUNG (since 1 July 1997)


elections: NA
chief of state:
President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)

head of government:
Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president

elections:
president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - NA%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3
Exports $191 billion f.o.b., including reexports (2001 est.) $454.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Exports - commodities clothing, textiles, footwear, electrical appliances, watches and clocks, toys, plastics, precious stones copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
Exports - partners China 34%, US 23%, Japan 6%, Germany 4%, UK 4%, Taiwan 3%, Singapore 2% (2000) China 60%, US 20%, Russia 9%, Japan 2% (2000 est.)
Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March calendar year
Flag description red with a stylized, white, five-petal bauhinia flower in the center three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
GDP purchasing power parity - $180 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 0%


industry: 14%


services: 86% (1999 est.)
agriculture:
36%

industry:
22%

services:
42% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $25,000 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,780 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 0% (2001 est.) -1% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 22 15 N, 114 10 E 46 00 N, 105 00 E
Geography - note more than 200 islands landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
Heliports 2 (2002) -
Highways total: 1,831 km


paved: 1,831 km


unpaved: 0 km (1997)
total:
3,387 km

paved:
1,563 km

unpaved:
1,824 km

note:
there are also 45,862 km of rural roads that consist of rough, unimproved, cross-country tracks (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
lowest 10%:
2.9%

highest 10%:
24.5% (1995)
Illicit drugs strenuous law enforcement efforts, but faces serious challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to regional and world markets; modern banking system provides a conduit for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs, especially among young people -
Imports $203 billion (2001 est.) $510.7 million (c.i.f., 1999)
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum, plastics, machinery, electrical equipment; a large share is reexported machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Imports - partners China 43%, Japan 12%, Taiwan 8%, US 7%, South Korea 5%, Singapore 3% (2000) Russia 33%, China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 10%, US 4% (1999)
Independence none (special administrative region of China) 11 July 1921 (from China)
Industrial production growth rate -9% (2001 est.) 2.4% (2000 est.)
Industries textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks construction materials, mining (particularly coal and copper); food and beverages, processing of animal products
Infant mortality rate 5.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 53.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) -1.6% (2001 est.) 7.6% (1999)
International organization participation APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, ESCAP (associate), ICC, ICFTU, IHO, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMO, WToO (associate), WTrO ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 17 (2000) 5 (2001)
Irrigated land 20 sq km (1998 est.) 800 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch The Court of Final Appeal in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president)
Labor force 3.44 million (2001 est.) 1.3 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels 31%, financing, insurance, and real estate 13%, community and social services 11%, manufacturing 7%, transport and communications 6%, construction 2%, other 30% (2001 est.) primarily herding/agricultural
Land boundaries total: 30 km


border countries: China 30 km
total:
8,161.9 km

border countries:
China 4,676.9 km, Russia 3,485 km
Land use arable land: 5.05%


permanent crops: 1.01%


other: 93.94% (1998 est.)
arable land:
5.7%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
81%

forests and woodland:
11.4%

other:
1.9% (2000 est.)
Languages Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
Legal system based on English common law blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (60 seats; 30 indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 24 elected by popular vote, and 6 elected by an 800-member election committee; members serve four-year terms)


elections: last held 10 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Democratic Party 12, Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong 10, Liberal Party 7, Frontier Party 5, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance 4, New Century Forum 2, Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 1, independents 19
unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4
Life expectancy at birth total population: 79.8 years


male: 77.1 years


female: 82.69 years (2002 est.)
total population:
64.26 years

male:
62.14 years

female:
66.5 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school


total population: 92.2%


male: 96%


female: 88.2% (1996 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
97%

male:
98%

female:
97.5% (2000)
Location Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Map references Southeast Asia Asia
Maritime claims territorial sea: 3 NM none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total: 433 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,539,257 GRT/22,682,757 DWT


ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 264, cargo 38, chemical tanker 10, combination bulk 2, container 73, liquefied gas 8, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, petroleum tanker 32, refrigerated cargo 1, short-sea passenger 1, vehicle carrier 2


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belgium 5, Belize 1, British Virgin Islands 1, China 115, Denmark 2, Germany 19, Greece 2, India 8, Japan 8, Liberia 1, Malaysia 7, Norway 1, Panama 2, Philippines 5, Singapore 7, South Korea 2, Taiwan 1, United Kingdom 27, Virgin Islands (UK) 1 (2002 est.)
-
Military - note defense is the responsibility of China -
Military branches no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) including elements of the PLA Ground Forces, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Guangzhou Military Region Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $25.5 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP NA% 2.3% (FY01)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 2,028,208 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
748,779 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 1,523,378 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
486,491 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age (2002 est.) 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 47,139 (2002 est.) males:
30,230 (2001 est.)
National holiday National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July 1997 is celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
Nationality noun: Chinese


adjective: Chinese
noun:
Mongolian(s)

adjective:
Mongolian
Natural hazards occasional typhoons dust and snow storms, grassland and forest fires, drought and "zud", which is a combination of drought followed by harsh winter conditions
Natural resources outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate
Net migration rate 7.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood [Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN Kai-chung]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong [Jasper TSANG Yok-sing, chairman]; Democratic Party [Martin LEE Chu-ming, chairman]; Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood [leader NA]; Hong Kong Progressive Alliance [Ambrose LAU Hon-chuen]; Liberal Party [James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]; New Century Forum [NQ Ching-fai, chairman]


note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood, Citizens Party, Democratic Party, Frontier Party; pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party, New Century Forum
Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian Democratic New Socialist Party or MDNSP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]

note:
the MPRP is the ruling party
Political pressure groups and leaders Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade Unions (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE Cheuk-yan, general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China) [LEE Chark-tim, president]; Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China [Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG Man-kwong, president]; Liberal Democratic Federation [HU Fa-kuang, chairman] NA
Population 7,303,334 (July 2002 est.) 2,654,999 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 40% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate 1.26% (2002 est.) 1.47% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Hong Kong none
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998) AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001)
Radios 4.45 million (1997) 155,900 (1999)
Railways total: 34 km


standard gauge: 34 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified and double-tracked)


note: connects to China railway system at Hong Kong-China border (2001)
1,815 km

broad gauge:
1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001)
Religions eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.76 male(s)/female

total population:
1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 100,000 members of functional constituencies and an 800-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services


domestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic network


international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cables providing connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
general assessment:
very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons

domestic:
NA

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
Telephones - main lines in use 3.839 million (1999) 104,100 (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular 3.7 million (December 1999) 110,000 (2001)
Television broadcast stations 4 (plus two repeaters) (1997) 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999)
Terrain hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
Total fertility rate 1.3 children born/woman (2002 est.) 2.39 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 5.2% (2001 est.) NA%
Waterways none 400 km (1999)
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